Paraurethral cysts or Skene s duct cysts are a rare cause of inter labial mass in a neonate. The precise etiology of paraurethral cyst is unknown. A thorough urologic evaluation was required to differentiate it from an ectopic ureterocele, urethrocele, urethral diverticula, and benign or malignant urethral and paraurethral tumors. A day 7 female baby was brought to us with history of asymptomatic introital mass noticed at day 4 of life. It was displacing urethra supero-laterally to the left and the vagina inferiorly with normal cystogenitoscopy. Simple excision of cyst was done uneventfully. Though asymptomatic, because of cosmetic and parental anxiety, and for a definitive diagnosis, simple excision of cyst was done uneventfully without recurrence.

We present the first case of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced recurrent ischemic priapism in a 3 years-old boy in the English literature. The patient underwent second right orchidopexy and hCG treatment (1500 IU twice a week for three weeks) was initiated the day after the operation. Twenty-three days after the last injection, he presented to our clinic with the complaint of painless erections. After the diagnosis of ischemic priapism, conservative management and oral diazepam therapy was initiated and the result was successful. hCG therapy may rarely cause recurrent ischemic priapism in children.

Fibroepithelial polyps of glans penis are rare in children. We present two male children with polyp over glans penis. The lesion was excised completely in both cases. Histopathological examination revealed fibroepithelial polyp in both patients. All of the reported cases published previously, except two are described in adults and all of them have been associated with the history of long-term condom catheter use. Only two cases have been reported in English literature in pediatric patients. We add two more cases to this rare entity in children.

Fibroepithelial polyps of glans penis are rare in children. We present two male children with polyp over glans penis. The lesion was excised completely in both cases. Histopathological examination revealed fibroepithelial polyp in both patients. All of the reported cases published previously, except two are described in adults and all of them have been associated with the history of long-term condom catheter use. Only two cases have been reported in English literature in pediatric patients. We add two more cases to this rare entity in children.

Pediatric genital injuries are relatively uncommon. Urethral injuries occur in 3.4% of genitourinary injuries in children. The majority of urethral injuries in boys are to the anterior urethra. We review the diagnosis and management of anterior urethral injuries in the setting of a dog bite to the genitalia in child.

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) is a very rarely diagnosed benign tumor, accounting for 1.2% of all prepubertal testicular tumors. A full-term healthy neonate was diagnosed with a painless left scrotal mass. During evaluation it was identified to have about two times the volume of the contralateral testis, presenting a firm consistency, not as hard as the consistency of a prenatal testicular torsion. Doppler ultrasound detected a multicystic left testicular mass, with normal blood flow, but failed in detecting normal-appearing testis. Human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were normal. Inguinal approach was performed, section of the lesion was sent to frozen biopsy and excluded yolk sac tumor, and however the impossibility of detecting normal testis tissue indicated orchiectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord. Histological evaluation demonstrated gray testicular parenchyma with multicystic aspect fulfilled with yellow fluid. The usual clinical presentation of JGCT is a painless scrotal mass, radiological imaging demonstrates a multicystic tumor. Tumoral markers levels are normal and the standard treatment is the inguinal orchiectomy.

Dirofilariasis is a zoonosis caused by parasites the genus Dirofilaria, most common species are D repens and D immitis. This parasitosis rarely affects humans and it is usually asymptomatic. Canines are considered to be the reservoir of the parasite, yet the parasite is transmitted via mosquito bite. We present a case of subcutaneous scrotal dirofilariasis in a 3-year-old boy from north- western part of Croatia, where this prognosis s not endemic, which characterizes this entity as rarity in this part of the country. In this case, parasitic infestation was manifested as painless scrotal nodule up to 1 centimeter in its largest diameter. Surgical excision revealed a thread- like material exiting the incision site. According to well –preserved morphologic characteristics, the specimen was characterized as a helminth of the genus Dirofilaria. We emphasize the importance of dirofilariasis in patients with subcutaneous nodules. And increase the awareness level of these parasites among clinicians and pathologists.

Condyloma acuminatum is a common sexually transmitted diseases in adults, but its presence in children is rare and could be associated with sexual abuse. We are reporting this case because of the rarity of presence of warts on the penis and the scrotum of a child, which certainly could not have been used for sexual purposes. Surgical excision of warts was performed.

Ochoa syndrome, also known as urofacial syndrome, is a rare genetic disease (OMIM #236730) with autosomal recessive inheritance of mutations in the heparanase 2 (HPSE2) and the LRIG2 genes, characterized by functional obstructive uropathy and unusual facial abnormalities. Progression to renal failure if not early diagnosed is inevitable. The therapeutic goals are to restore bladder emptying, preventing damage to the urinary tract with the use of prophylactic antibiotics, clean intermittent catheterization, anticholinergic use, botulinum toxin injection, urinary diversion and bladder augmentation to slow the evolution of the disease. This article aims to report a patient with late diagnosis of Ochoa Syndrome, as well as describe its characteristics and clinical outcome.

Accessory urethra is a rare congenital anomaly and has varied presentations. Multiple surgical techniques have been described for its correction. We report a case of accessory urethra in a male infant, which was recognized incidentally. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and optimal knowledge of the anomaly is mandatory for the surgical team to achieve a good outcome.

This study aims to report a rare case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with mosaicism pattern. Patient referred to the pediatric urology service with 2 months of age. Right after the baby was born it was not possible do determine the baby s gender. The karyotype was inconclusive. Contrast genitography and uretrocystogram showed a single perineal orifice below the micropenis and between the bifid scrotum, opacification of the bladder with male aspect urethra during urination and short penile urethra. There was also opacification of the posterior vaginal cavity with low junction to the posterior urethra and a linear opacity image suggesting uterine canal. Laparoscopy revealed bilateral gonadal bands and spermatic elements entering the inguinal canal. Müllerian derivatives were absent. Gonadal biopsy was performed and concluded that these were abnormal infantile testes. Microarray testing took a few months and resulted. Patient was kept on topic androstenedione for 6 months and then underwent penoscrotal hypospadias correction. Mosaic chromosomal pattern is a rare condition that can present with a wide variety of phenotypes. Early recognition has important implications on these patients social and psychological life and also for their proper management.